NEO BEHAVIORISM

''TOLMAN and BANDURA''

Tolman's Purposive Behaviorism

Purposive Behaviorism- has also been referred to as sign learning theory and is often seen as the link between behaviorism and cognitive theory.

*Tolman's theory was founded on two psychological views: those of the Gestalt psychologists and those of Jhon Watson the behaviorist.

*Tolman's key concepts

 Learning is always purposive and goal directed- Tolman asserted that learning is always purposive and goal-directed. He held the motion that an  organism acted or responded for some adaptive purpose.

Cognitive maps in rats- In his most famous experiment and also called ''Learn Locatoin''.

Latent Learning- is a kind of learning that remains or stays with the individual until needed. It is learning that is not outwardly manifested at once.

The concept of intervening variables- is variables that are not readily seen but serve as determinants of behavior.

Reinforcement not essential for learning- Tolman concluded that reinforcement is not essential for learning, although it provides an incentive for performance.

Albert Bandura's Social learning theory

     Social learning theory focuses on the learning that occurs within a social context. It considers that people learn from one another, including such concepts as observational learning, imitation and modeling.

GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

1. People can learn by observing  the behavior of others and the outcomes of those behaviors.

2. Learning can occur without a change in behavior.

3. Cognition plays a role in learning.

4. Social learning theory can be considered a bridge or a transition between behaviorist learning theories and cognitive theories.

HOW THE ENVIRONMENT REINFORCE AND PUNISHES MODELING

 People are often reinforced for modeling the behavior of others. Bandura suggested that the environment also reinforces modeling. This is in several possible ways:

1. The observer is reinforced by the model.

2. The observer is reinforced by a third person.

3. The imitated behavior itself leads to reinforcing consequences.

4. Consequences of the model's behavior affect the observer's behavior vicariously.

CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL LEARNING PERSPECTIVE OF REINFORCEMENT AND PUNISHMENT

1. Contemporary theory proposes that  reinforcement and punishment have indirect effects on learning. They are not sole or main cause.

2. Reinforcement and punishment influence the extent to which an individual exhibits a behavior that has been learned.

3. The expectation of reinforcement influences cognitive process that promote learniing.

COGNITIVE FACTORS IN SOCIAL LEARNING

1. Learning without performance

2. Cognitive processing during learning

3. Expectations

4. Reciprocal causation

5. Modeling

CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR EFFECTIVE MODELING TO OCCUR

1.Attention

2. Retention

3. Motor reproduction

4. Motivation

Effects of modeling on behavior:

1. Modeling teaches new behaviors.

2. Modeling influences the frequency of previously learned behaviors.

3. Modeling may encourage previously forbidden behaviors.

4. Modeling increases the frequency of similar behaviors.

EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

1. Students often learn a great deal simply by observing other people.

2. Describing the consequences of behavior can effectively increase the appropriate behaviors and decrease inappropriate ones.

3. Modeling provides an alternative to shaping for teaching new behaviors.

4. Teachers and parents must model appropriate behaviors and take care that they do not model inappropriate behaviors.

5. Teachers should expose students to a variety of other models.This technique is specially important to break down traditional stereotypes.

Reflection:

               In this lesson Bandura beleived that learning comes from socialization and social context. While Tolman is not favor in reinforcement which was delayed rewards.